Lung Cancer: Patient Information Sheet

1) What is lung cancer?

Lung cancer is a disease where abnormal cells grow uncontrollably in the lungs.
It most commonly affects older adults and people with a history of smoking, but it can also occur in non-smokers.

2) Causes & risk factors

The main causes and risk factors include:

• Smoking (most significant risk factor)
• Exposure to second-hand smoke
• Occupational exposure (e.g. asbestos, silica)
• Air pollution
• Family history of lung cancer
• Previous lung disease

3) Symptoms & how it may present

Early lung cancer may cause no symptoms. As it progresses, symptoms may include:

• Persistent or worsening cough
• Shortness of breath
• Chest pain
• Coughing up blood
• Unexplained weight loss
• Fatigue or recurrent chest infections

Symptoms can vary depending on the type and stage of cancer.

4) How is it diagnosed?

Diagnosis may involve:

• Chest X-ray and CT scan
• PET scan to assess spread
• Bronchoscopy or needle biopsy
• Lung biopsy or surgery
• Referral to a respiratory specialist and cancer team

Additional tests help determine the type and stage of cancer.

5) Treatment & management options

Treatment depends on the cancer type, stage, and overall health:

• Surgery
• Chemotherapy
• Radiotherapy
• Targeted therapy
• Immunotherapy
• Supportive and palliative care

Many patients receive a combination of treatments.

6) Living with / managing lung cancer

Living with lung cancer involves:

• Ongoing treatment and follow-up
• Managing symptoms and side effects
• Emotional and psychological support
• Support from cancer care teams, family, and community services

Outcomes vary widely depending on early detection and response to treatment.

7) Prevention & risk reduction

• Stop smoking and avoid second-hand smoke
• Participate in the National Lung Cancer Screening Program (NLCSP) if eligible
• Reduce exposure to workplace and environmental risks
• Maintain regular medical check-ups

8) When to seek medical advice

Seek medical advice urgently if you experience:

• Coughing up blood
• Persistent chest pain
• Sudden worsening breathlessness
• Unexplained weight loss or fatigue
• New neurological symptoms (e.g. weakness, headaches)