Lung cancer and lung nodules

What is lung cancer?

Lung cancer develops when abnormal cells in the lungs grow in an uncontrolled way. Over time, these cells can form a tumour and affect how the lungs work.

There are different types of lung cancer. Treatment depends on factors including the type of cancer, its location and how far it has progressed. 

Some people experience noticeable symptoms early on, while others may not realise anything is wrong until changes appear on a scan.

Getting assessed early can help you understand what’s happening and what treatment options may be available.

For additional guidance on lung cancer, read our patient information sheet. 

What are lung nodules?

Lung nodules are small spots or growths within the lungs. They’re common and are often discovered during a chest X-ray or CT scan.

Most lung nodules are non-cancerous and may develop following previous infections, inflammation or exposure to irritants. Some remain unchanged for years and don’t need treatment.

In some cases, further investigations are recommended to better understand the cause of a nodule and monitor for any changes over time. 

Lung cancer and lung nodule symptoms

Small lung nodules don’t usually cause symptoms. Lung cancer symptoms can vary and may develop gradually.

Symptoms may include:

• A cough that doesn’t improve
• Chest pain
• Shortness of breath
• Coughing up blood
• Repeated chest infections
• Unexplained weight loss
• Fatigue
• Wheezing or changes in breathing

These symptoms can also be linked to other respiratory conditions. Ongoing or unexplained changes should be assessed by a healthcare professional. 

What causes lung cancer and nodules?

Smoking is one of the main risk factors for lung cancer, but people who have never smoked can also develop the condition. 

Exposure to asbestos, air pollution, certain workplace chemicals and a family history of lung cancer may also increase risk.

Lung nodules can develop for several reasons. Previous lung infections, inflammatory conditions and scar tissue are common causes. Some nodules are non-cancerous growths, while others may need closer investigation to rule out cancer. 

Diagnosing lung cancer and nodules

Diagnosis usually begins with a discussion about your symptoms, medical history and risk factors. Your specialist may recommend imaging tests such as a chest X-ray or CT scan to examine the lungs in more detail.

Additional investigations may include:

• PET scanning
• Lung function testing
• Blood tests
• Bronchoscopy, which uses a thin flexible camera to examine the airways
• Biopsy, which involves taking a small tissue sample for testing

If a lung nodule is identified, your specialist may recommend monitoring with repeat imaging to assess for changes in size or appearance. 

Our respiratory and sleep medicine services offer tailored investigations, tests and support for ongoing lung symptoms or scan findings. 

Lung cancer and nodule treatment

Treatment depends on the diagnosis, the size and location of any lung changes and your overall health. Your specialist will explain the findings, talk you through the most appropriate next steps and answer any questions you may have.

Some lung nodules only need monitoring with follow-up imaging over time to check for changes in appearance or size. In other cases, further investigation or treatment may be recommended if there are concerns about the nodule.

If lung cancer is diagnosed, treatment may involve:

• Chemotherapy – medicines that destroy cancer cells
• Immunotherapy – treatment that helps your immune system recognise and attack cancer cells
• Targeted therapy – medicines that target cancer cells
• Radiotherapy – treatment that uses radiation to target and destroy cancer cells
• Surgery – an operation to remove the cancer and surrounding tissue if it has spread

Treatment plans are personalised and may involve a combination of therapies depending on the type and stage of cancer.

At Complete Health Australia, we focus on helping you understand your diagnosis and treatment options clearly so you can feel informed and supported throughout your care.

Find dedicated respiratory support with Complete Health Australia

Our experienced team provides assessment and ongoing care for people with lung conditions, including lung nodules and lung cancer. We work closely with you to ensure investigations, referrals and treatment planning are managed as smoothly as possible.

If you’re concerned about ongoing breathing symptoms or recent imaging findings, our team is here to help you access clear answers and appropriate care.

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